WRITING / Reference Verbs / Reference List / Referencing
In-Text Referencing
When you use information from a text, you have to acknowledge it / state who said it. Why?
- It’s not your idea, so you must give credit to the writer of the idea.
- It allows your audience to distinguish between your ideas and the ideas you’ve used from other writers.
- It helps you to avoid plagiarism.
Name : Christopher SmithUse the surname only ‘Smith’Smith (2010) states that there were periods of rapid increase which were due to revolutions in technology.The reporting verb is usually in the present simple |
More reporting verbs – (for correct use of these verbs click here)
explains / describes / suggests / states / claims / asserts / contends / maintains / declares / implies / argues / emphasises / highlights / stresses / observes / notes / comments / points out / demonstrates / shows / proves / mentions / pinpoints / advances / puts forward / proposes / casts doubt on / questions
Referencing Lessons
Quotation
Include the page number if available and single quotation marks ‘……‘
Smith (2010:221) states that ‘Exeter Council spends £3.3 million each year on biofuel heating rather than £7 million it would spend if it still relied on oil and gas’.
According to Smith (2010:221) ‘Exeter Council spends £3.3 million each year on biofuel heating rather than £7 million it would spend if it still relied on oil and gas’.
‘Exeter Council spends £3.3 million each year on biofuel heating rather than £7 million it would spend if it still relied on oil and gas’ (Smith, 2010:221).
Confusion: different punctuation – (Smith, 2010:221) or (Smith, 2010, p. 221) or (Smith, 2010, pp. 221-222)
Paraphrased sentences
Smith (2010) states that Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy (Smith, 2010).
Two Authors
Notice the ampersand (&). Use the ampersand in non-integral citations, but use ‘and’ in integral citations.
Smith and Jones (2010) state that Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy (Smith & Jones, 2010).
Three Authors
Smith, Jones, and Clark (2010) state that Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy (Smith, Jones & Clark, 2010).
More than 3 authors = ‘et al’
Look at the punctuation – Smith et al. (2010) and (Smith et al., 2010)
Smith et al. (2010) state that Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy (Smith et al., 2010).
Different authors / different books – same idea (synthesis)
Chronological order (i.e. earliest first) – Smith 2010 / Jones 2012
Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy (Smith 2010; Jones 2012).
An author quoting another author (as cited in)
You use the main author’s name and date (from the book you are using: Smith 2010)
Jones (as cited in Smith, 2010) states that Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
No date (n.d)
Smith (n.d) states that Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
No Author
Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy (Anon., 2012).
Websites
UK Governmental Policy Online (2010) states that Exeter council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
Quotation
Include the page number if available and double quotation marks “……“
Smith (2010 p.221) states that “Exeter Council spends £3.3 million each year on biofuel heating rather than £7 million it would spend if it still relied on oil and gas“.
According to Smith (2010 p.221) “Exeter Council spends £3.3 million each year on biofuel heating rather than £7 million it would spend if it still relied on oil and gas“.
“Exeter Council spends £3.3 million each year on biofuel heating rather than £7 million it would spend if it still relied on oil and gas” (Smith, 2010 p.221).
Paraphrased sentences
Smith (2010) states that Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy (Smith, 2010).
Two Authors
Notice the ampersand (&). Use the ampersand in non-integral citations, but use ‘and’ in integral citations.
Smith and Jones (2010) state that Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy (Smith & Jones, 2010)
Three Authors
Smith, Jones, and Clark (2010) state that Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy (Smith, Jones & Clark, 2010).
More than 3 authors = ‘et al’
Look at punctuation – Smith et al. (2010) and (Smith et al., 2010)
Smith et al. (2010) state that Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy (Smith et al., 2010).
Different authors / different books – same idea (synthesis)
chronological order (i.e. earliest first) – Smith 2010 / Jones 2012
Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy (Smith 2010; Jones 2012).
An author quoting another author (as cited in)
You use the main author’s name and date (from the book you are using: Smith 2010)
Jones (as cited in Smith, 2010) states that Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
No date (n.d)
Smith (n.d) state that Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
No Author
Exeter Council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy (Anon., 2012).
Websites
UK Governmental Policy Online (2010) states that Exeter council saves £4.7 million on heating from changing to sustainable energy.
Referencing Guide: Harvard
This is a basic reference guide to citing and creating a reference list or a bibliography. It shows the correct way to create in-text citations and reference lists for books, journals, online newspapers and websites. Web page link. TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Referencing Guide: APA 7th Edition
This is a basic reference guide to citing and creating a reference list or a bibliography. It shows the correct way to create in-text citations and reference lists for books, journals, online newspapers and websites. Web page link. TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Referencing: Harvard Referencing Worksheet 1 [updated 2021]
Two part worksheet that is a paragraph and reference list. Students have to put in the correct in-text reference. The second part is a reference list exercise where students have to put the sections in the correct order. A nice lesson to introduce students to referencing and becoming aware of key referencing principles. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] Example / Webpage link / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Referencing: Harvard Referencing Worksheet 2 [new for 2021]
This lesson supports students in their understanding and use of Harvard referencing. It contains six worksheets: a discussion on referencing, a noticing activity, a reordering task, an error identification exercise, a sentence completion task, a gap-fill activity and a reference list task. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] Example / Webpage link / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Referencing: APA 7th Edition Referencing Worksheet 1 [updated 2021]
Two part worksheet that is a paragraph and reference list. Students have to put in the correct in-text reference. The second part is a reference list exercise where students have to put the sections in the correct order. A nice lesson to introduce students to referencing and becoming aware of key referencing principles. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] Example / Webpage link / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Referencing: APA 7th Edition Referencing Worksheet [new for 2021]
This lesson supports students in their understanding and use of APA referencing. It contains six worksheets: a discussion on referencing, a noticing activity, a reordering task, an error identification exercise, a sentence completion task, a gap-fill activity and a reference list task. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] Example / Webpage link / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
How to use www.citethisforme.com [new for 2021]
This lesson is an introduction to using the online reference generator: www.citethisforme.com. It begins by providing a step-by-step guide to using the application and its many functions. The lesson is a task-based activity where students use the reference generator to create bibliography citations. Worksheet example Time: 60mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] / Video / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Reporting Verbs
Use the verbs in the box to put into the sentences on the worksheet. Each sentence has a description of the type of verb needed. Check the grammar of the verb too! Web page link. TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Writing a paragraph – using quotes about smoking
Students are given a worksheet with nine quotes taken from The New Scientist, BBC News, The Economist, etc… After selecting only three, they use these three quotes to write a paragraph trying to paraphrase the quotes and produce a cohesion piece of writing. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] Example / Webpage link / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
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