GRAMMAR / Conditionals
Academic Conditionals
What are conditionals / if clauses?
Conditionals are used to describe the result of a real or hypothetical condition.
There are four main types of conditionals in English. Each is used to indicate the likelihood of a situation occurring, or the likelihood that it would have occurred under particular circumstances.
- The Zero and First conditionals are known as ‘real conditionals’, because they are used for situations that are certain or highly likely.
- The Second and Third conditionals are often called ‘unreal conditionals’ because they are used for situations which are improbable or impossible.
Conditionals in academic writing
Conditionals have many uses in academic writing: facts, habitual actions, implications, interferences, predictions, plans, possibilities and hypothetical situations (see next tab for conditional examples). Conditionals are also used frequently in hedging language to make criticisms and judgements softer.
Present unreal conditional
- The evidence is not strong enough because it is based on a limited number of participants.
- The evidence would be stronger IF it had been based on more participants.
Past unreal conditional
- The paper was not persuasive because the author failed to relate the findings to previous theories on the topic.
-
The paper would have been more persuasive IF the author had related the findings to previous theories on the topic.
Conditional sentences examples
-
State scientific facts in the present tense: If the corn is milled, starch can be extracted.
-
Show habitual actions in the present or past: If we misinterpreted the results, we indicated this immediately.
-
Show implications: If there was legislation for X, it could prevent an environmental catastrophe.
-
Make inferences about the past: If the project had had more investment, it may have succeeded.
-
Make predictions about the future: If the results are analysed from an economical perspective, it will define the problem more clearly.
-
Show possible plans or actions: If you assess the data thoroughly, you might establish the cause of the problem.
-
Give advice / possibilities: If these solutions are applied, it should reduce the homeless problem significantly..
-
Refer to impossible situations in the present or past: If the proposal had focused on financial incentives, it would have been more useful.
Adapted from https://www.adelaide.edu.au
Academic Conditionals Video
A short video on academic conditionals and their uses.
Video Worksheet – click here
PDF Lesson Download
Academic Conditionals [revised 2022]
This lesson helps improve students’ awareness of conditionals. It includes a language review section, lots of guided practice and freer paragraph writing practice. (see worksheet example) Time: 60mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Conditionals Language Review
Conditionals: exercise 1
Task 1: Practice the zero conditional by reordering the following sentences. Add punctuation where necessary.
- watered plants wither if are not die and they
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-
Plants wither and die if they are not watered.
For a detailed worksheet and more exercises – buy the download below.
Conditionals: exercise 2
Task 2: Practice the first conditional by rewriting the following sentences. Add the correct grammar and punctuation.
- organisations do not offer an online service then they go out of business
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. If organisations do not offer an online service, they might/could go out of business.
For a detailed worksheet and more exercises – buy the download below.
Conditionals: exercise 3
Task 3: Practice the second conditional by correcting the mistakes in the following sentences.
-
If car companies would make electric cars cheaper, then everyone can afford one.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-
If car companies made electric cars cheaper, then everyone could afford one.
For a detailed worksheet and more exercises – buy the download below.
Conditionals: exercise 4
Task 3: Practice the third conditional by circling the best option. If both options are possible, then circle both answers.
-
Zoom video conferencing could not / would not have become so successful if there hadn’t been a rise in remote working.
-
Zoom video conferencing could not / would not have become so successful if there hadn’t been a rise in remote working.
For a detailed worksheet and more exercises – buy the download below.
Conditionals: exercise 5
Task 4: Practice mixed conditionals by completing each sentence.
-
If the UK had gone into lockdown earlier, _______________________________________________________________________________
1. If the UK had gone into lockdown earlier, we would have had fewer cases and mortalities. (example)
For a detailed worksheet and more exercises – buy the download below.
Conditionals: exercise 6 gap fill
Task 4: Read the following paragraph about compulsory retirement and complete the gaps with the correct conditional form.
In the UK, the default retirement age of 65 no longer exists. An employee can work into their seventies or eighties if he or she ____________ (wish) to, provided that they _____________ (be) fit and healthy. For many people this is of great benefit to not only the individual, but also society as a whole. If an older but long-serving employee is forced to retire, the company ______________(need to) replace a wealth of experience and expert knowledge quickly. Also, there are…
In the UK, the default retirement age of 65 no longer exists. An employee can work into their seventies or eighties if he or she wishes to, provided that they are fit and healthy. For many people this is of great benefit to not only the individual, but also society as a whole. If an older but long-serving employee is forced to retire, the company will need to replace a wealth of experience and expert knowledge quickly. Also, there…
For a detailed worksheet and more exercises – buy the download below.
Conditionals Download
Academic Conditionals [revised 2022]
This lesson helps improve students’ awareness of conditionals. It includes a language review section, lots of guided practice and freer paragraph writing practice. (see worksheet example) Time: 60mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
General English: Conditionals / If Clauses
General English: Conditionals / If Clauses
Exercise Sheet: This worksheet provides an overview of the five conditionals (zero, first, second, third & mixed). It includes the structures, rules and example sentences. In addition, it includes two practice worksheets (intermediate & advanced). Watch the video for more information on conditionals.
x
More grammar and vocabulary downloads...
Causes, Effects & Related Language
This lesson helps improve students' awareness of cause and effect language. It includes a language review section, lots of guided practice and freer paragraph writing practice (see worksheet example) Time: 60mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] / Webpage link. / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Comparatives & Superlatives
This lesson helps improve students' awareness of compare and contrast language. It includes a language review section, lots of guided practice and freer paragraph writing practice (see worksheet example) Time: 60mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] / Webpage link. / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Compare & contrast: comparatives and superlatives
This lesson helps improve students' awareness of compare and contrast language. It includes a language review section, lots of guided practice and freer paragraph writing practice (see worksheet example) Time: 60mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1]. / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Academic Conditionals
This lesson helps improve students' awareness of conditionals. It includes a language review section, lots of guided practice and freer paragraph writing practice (see worksheet example) Time: 60mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Countable and uncountable nouns
This lesson helps improve students' awareness of countable & uncountable nouns. It includes a language review section, lots of guided practice and freer paragraph writing practice (see worksheet example) Time: 60mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
This lesson helps improve students' awareness of modal verbs. It includes a language review section, lots of guided practice and freer paragraph writing practice (see worksheet example) Time: 60mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Nominalisation (verbs / adjectives to nouns)
An introduction to nominalisation. This worksheet shows the basics of nominalising, practises changing verbs and adjectives to nouns, and includes four exercises from guided practice through to freer practice. Very good writing practice activity with a fair amount of challenge for all levels. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] (see example sheet) TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
*
Noun Phrases Worksheet 1
This lesson highlights what noun phrases are and provides valuable practice. It focuses on the key concepts of quantifiers, adjectives and nouns, noun + noun, noun + preposition and noun phrase combinations (example). Level ***** [B2/C1] / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
*
Noun Phrases Worksheet 2
This lesson is designed to help students write more concisely by using noun phrases. It takes students through a whole range of tasks including noticing the language in context, eight guided practice tasks and five freer practice activities. There's a language review sheet included too (see example). Level ***** [B2/C1] TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
*
Academic Passive Structures & Nominalisation
An introduction to the impersonal passive structure 'it is said that...' , to infinitive passive form ' it is claimed to be...'. and how to nominalise verbs to nouns to show formality in writing. This worksheet provides key information and 10 writing questions (example). Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
*
Relative clauses: defining & non-defining clauses
This lesson is to support students in their understanding and use of defining & non-defining relative clauses.The lesson includes four tasks of guided practice and two tasks of freer practice (see worksheet example) Time: 60mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1]. / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Sentence Structure 1: Simple, compound, complex & complex compound
This lesson is to support students in their understanding and practice of the four types of sentence structures: simple, compound, complex and complex-compound. It includes noticing, guided and freer practice (see worksheet example) Time: 60mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Sentence Structure 2: Fragment, run-on & comma splice sentences
This lesson helps improve students' sentence structure through identifying and practising fragments, run-ons and comma splice sentences. It includes noticing, guided and freer practice (see worksheet example) Time: 60mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1]/ TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Sentence Structure 3: Complex sentence structure (STEM)
This lesson is to support students in their understanding and practice of complex sentence structure. The worksheets focus on three structures: adverbial, adjective and noun clauses and contain key explanations and sentence and paragraph-level practice within a STEM context (see worksheet example) Time: 90mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
X
Tense Review (3 lessons: analysis, gap fill, speaking)
This is a great lesson to introduce / revise English Tenses. Lesson 1: students discuss a number of sentences & identify the tense & reason for use. Give out Tense handout (here) to consolidate. Lesson 2: tense review gap fill. Lesson 3: speaking exercise with lots of questions using the tenses. Example Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Verb Patterns
This lesson helps improve students' awareness of verb patterns (verb + infinitive, verb + to infinitive, verb + gerund, verb + that clause, verb + wh-clause) . It includes a language review section, lots of guided practice and freer paragraph writing practice (see worksheet example) Time: 60mins. Level ***** [B1/B2/C1] TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP